The Formation and Development of the Fujian Tulou

AbstractionTulou is only among all ancient residential architecture because of its alone signifier, expansive graduated table, abundant cultural connotation. More and more domestic and foreign bookmans be analyzing Tulou particularly after Tulou became World Cultural Heritage in 2008. Most surveies focused on the Tulou artistic value and cultural value.However this article tries to construe the increment of traditional homes from another aspect. First, this paper introduces the basic selective in geological governing body of Tulou clip of Tulou visual aspect, architectural image of Tulou and grounds behind the signifier. Second, query in different periods of Chinese diachronic background including political relations, policies and large events. fork up to happen out how these factors influence the formation of Hakka civilization and Tulou edifice. Tulou, as Chinese traditional local-style homes, foremost appe ard in 11th coulomb along with Hakka people migrating to Fuj ian state. architectural manner and Hakka civilization r from each oneed extremum in the terminal of the nineteenth century, so started to worsen in twentieth century. After 2008, Tulou began to reconstruct verve with roar in touristry industry in Fujian. During this whole period, China besides suffered several different historical alterations the terminal of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China epoch, World War II period, civil war epoch, 10 old ages of the Great Cultural Revolution in China, the new period of reform and opening-up. So in this essay I will research 1. Whether the formation and exploitation of Tulou are associated with these historical background? 2. How did these political relations and policies affect Tulou phylogeny on architectural and cultural phase? 3. By roll uping and forming elaborate charts and informations which could explicate each large historical events clearly, I could utilize them as my research tools to analyse and come to my ain decisions. Th ird, the administration has formulated a series of Tulou protection and renovation policies after it became World Cultural Heritage. The purpose of policies is to recognize protection and renovation of Tulou by developing cultural touristry industry. Taking Er & A apos yi Tulou for illustration, I will detailed explicate what alterations happened to it because of these protection policies.Cardinal wordsTulou, World Cultural Heritage, Traditional homes, Politicss, indemnityContentssChapter 1 Introduction -11.1 Background and motive 11.2 Research end -11.3 Literature reappraisal 1Chapter2Rheniumhunt on The formation of Tulou 32.1 The clip of Tulou formation 32.2 The topographic point of Tulou formation -32.3 Tulou formation of ground -3Chapter3 Research on Thedevelopmentof theThymineuloufrom from 1900 to 1949 -53.1 the status of Tulou from 1900 to 1949 53.2 the societal and historical background from 1900 to 1949 -63.3 Analyze on Tulou development harmonizing to historical and societal background -11Chapter4Research on Thedevelopmentof Tuloufrom from 1949 to 2008 -134.1 the status of Tulou from 1949 to 2008 134.2 the societal and historical background from 1949 to 2008 -134.3 Analyze on Tulou development harmonizing to Chinese political policy from 1949 to 2008 17Chapter 5 Research on Theprotection and renovationofThymineuloufrom 2008 until now -205.1 policy of heritages protection in China and develo pment scheme of Fujian Tulou touristry -205.2 suppuration of Tulou Building Heritage -225.3 Factors act uponing the development of Tulou touristry 32Chapter 6 Conclustion 36Bibliographies -37Chapter One Introduction1.1 Background and motiveFujian Tulou is the alone local-style home house. It has been hailed as an alone big rammed earth home in the universe. Tulou caused the roar of academic treatment particularly after it became World Cultural Heritage Heritage. Tulou is deserving researching non notwithstanding because its alone signifier, particular layout among mountains but besides because it represents civilization of Hakka people. Now research on aesthetic value and architectural value has been already really deep. At the same clip China has neer been a state deficiency of his tory. Since the visual aspect of Tulou until now, China has experienced vagaries of historical events and wholly different discretion of policies such as National Protection Movement, Warlords Wars, World War II, Great Leap Forward, Great Cultural Revolution, the reform and opening-up policy All these policies and events have gravid influence on our state. So what I want to analyse is that how these historical events and policies could influent the development of traditional homes and are at that place any particular marks left on all these homes belonged to history. At the same clip more and more heritages became World Cultural Heritage in China. In the facet of touristry development and heritage protection, heritage touristry industry could be a chief manner to protect cultural heritage, set up regional ecology and cultural environment, advance local economic system. I choose Fujian Tulou, local homes as the object of survey chiefly sing the particular subject relationship betw een Tulou edifice and Hakka people. Try to explicate the procedure of Tulou development harmonizing to historical events and policies so find a manner that could fit Tulou touristry development and sustainable development.1.2 Research endThe intent of this paper is to analyze the relationship between different policies of China, historical background of China and the whole procedure of Tulou development as typical local home house. Discuss are at that place any other factors could hold a important impact on the signifier and the destiny of heritage edifices except design itself. Even in the procedure of heritage protection and renovation, which factors have the most influence. On the one hand so far domestic research of historical heritage protection and renovation chiefly concentrate on celebrated traditional brooding edifice such as Beijing Hutong, quadrangle courtyard So I choose Fujian Tulou as my object of survey in order to spicy historical relics empirical characters. On t he other manus, research of Tulou chiefly focus on construction, local civilization of Tulou. There are few research documents of Tulou edifices on policy, political relations, historical background facets. Tourism industry of historical heritage could be a manner to protect and redevelop Tulou edifice. So this subject could besides rich the content of Tulou research.1.3Literature reappraisalThis thesis is written utilizing three series of research tools. The outset series is that about modern history of China and Chinese architecture history. These books includes & A apos From the opium war to the may 4th motion & A apos by Hu Sheng which elaborates on the full development of China in that period. & A apos Modern chronicle of China & A apos by Lin Zengping which I used particularly for composing chapter two about large events happened during that epoch. & A apos the turbulent times & A apos by Wang Nianyi which I used for chapter three to explicate influence of the Gr eat Cultural Revolution. & A apos Chinese Architecture History & A apos by Liang Sicheng which helps me better date traditional homes.The 2nd series of books are all that about Tulou. The book I used particularly for debut and chapter two was & A apos Fujian Tulou & A apos by Huang Hanmin which introduced history of Fujian Tulou in item. & A apos The Living Style Chang of Eryi Tower in Hua & A apos an Country & A apos by Yang Lin was besides used for an instance survey of Tulou protection and renovation.The 3rd series of research tools I used the most. These are many maps in different epochs, charts and informations of large historical events. These resources include maps of warlords distribution, charts of Tulou distribution, charts of Fujian development status after the reform and opening-up policy, traffic maps of Fujian and Yongding state which is celebrated for Tulou in 1990,1999,2014, maps of tourer propaganda of Tulou. All these information can be used as my re search tool to analyse the status of Tulou and background of society seeking to happen out deep relationship between homes and policies.Chapter2Rheniumhunt on The formation of Tulou2.1 The clip of Tulou formationIt is a earthy stating that Tulou foremost appeared in 11centuries. However there is no evidents ( historical paperss, bing edifices ) to turn out this guess. Harmonizing to the historical papers called household tree of Guo, the first Tulou edifice was constructed in 1371 which is validated by historical experts and the bing oldest Tulou was in Hua & A apos an state now called Qiyun Tulou which was recorded on the plaque in the edifice. 1 From fourteenth century, Hakka people had been modifying Tulou to do it more and more suited for people populating together harmonizing to natural environment, stuffs and societal background.2.2 The topographic point of Tulou formationMost of Tulou edifices are located in Yong Ding City harmonizing to informations and literatures. 2 Since Chinese economic system chiefly depended on agribusiness at that clip, small low and quiet lands could be used as Big Dippers because there are many mountains in this country. Peoples had to utilize as less countries as possible to make more living infinites. Hakka people chose to populate in large household groups and construct higher edifices than traditional houses. ( At that clip, traditional houses were merely two-story such as quadrilaterals, hollow homes but Tulou was more than four-story. ) 3 2.3 Tulou formationof groundTulou is celebrated for its alone roundness signifier. Shigeki Keiichiro, Nipponese designer marveled at Tulou, said It looks like UFO landed in the mountains. So we can see the roundness signifier is the chiefly individuality of Tulou. However, why Hakka people designed it as rotundity is ever questioned by tourers. The common position is that the demand of defense mechanism map. However there & A apos s a batch of historical edifices in the unive rse hadn & A apos t been designed in roundness signifier but they besides had perfect defensive consequence and survived until now. Another position is that Chinese traditional civilization & A apos round Eden and public real Earth & A apos influenced Tulou signifier. But it is besides flimsy, quadrilaterals, cave homes, Yunnan Yikeyin they are non in roundness signifier but all derived from Chinese traditional civilization. So after comparing the agora constructing with rotundity edifice, There are several advantages of unit of measurement of ammunition edifice 1. corner suites in square edifice have no daytime and are disturbed by stepss, no corner suites in unit of ammunition edifice. 2. no differences between each unit in unit of ammunition edifice, it is easy for equal distribution. 3. wood constituents in unit of ammunition edifice are more incorporate. 4. building manner of roof in unit of ammunition edifice is much easier than square edifice. 5. unit of ammunition edifice has better temblor immune behaviour than square edifice. 6. circular edifices fit the form of mountains really good, so they have broader position for supporting. They are non merely easy for building besides save stuffs ( stuffs in the mountains are rather cherished ) .Local people made decisions from practical work. That & A apos s why they chose unit of ammunition edifice as their place. 4 However, it is an evolutive procedure from square edifices to round edifices that construction and maps tended to be sensible. Survey of Yong Ding metropolis besides proved that square Tulou edifices came out foremost, so after about 1 century Hakka people started to construct unit of ammunition Tulou edifice. 5 So we can see at that place & A apos s no uncertainty that unit of ammunition Tulou edifices were really likely to be the continuance of Tulou development.