Mbuti Culture Essay

The Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their language belongs to the Central Sudanic subgroup of the Nilo-Saharan phylum.1 After researching the Mbuti culture, I think we will see that their government, traditions, and culture is slowly and sadly melting into the surrounding, changing world. Mbuti’s primary mode of subsistence is Foraging. They hunt and gather food from the forest, and they trade as well for survival. The Foragers, or hunter-gatherers, in modern-day Zaire have survived with a subsistence lifestyle in small-scale societies. Political organization-Bambuti societies have no ruling group or lineage, no overlying political organization, and little social structure. The Bambuti are an egalitarian society in which the band is the highest form of social organization. Leadership may be displayed for example on hunting treks. Men and women basically have equal power. Issues are discussed and decisions are made by consensus at fire camps; men and women engage in the conversations equivalently. If there is a disagreement, infraction, or offense, then the offender may be banished, beaten or scorned. No chief or formal council has imposed rules. Kinship of the Bambuti tend to follow a patrilineal descent system, and their residences after marriage are patrilocal. However, the system is rather loose. The only type of group seen amongst the Bambuti is the nuclear family. Kinship also provides allies for each group of people. One of the Mbuti’s social problems is interclan disputes, over children and women. Women migrate to villages, losing close to one out of five of their female population. An uneven number of women lead to the inevitable transfer of women from one family, to another. This leads to great conflict between the men, over the disposition of their female siblings. â€Å"Divorce is common. The women often initiate divorce simply by packing their things (including small children) and moving back to their family’s camp. If they have boys, they return to their father when they are old enough to hunt. The typical marriage is monogamous because women are scarce.† Beliefs and Values – Prior to independence, tropical forest foragers remained outside the mainstream of society and politics. However, post independence wars and nation-building drives have changed customary ways. Landscapes are eroding due to the cutting of timber, the building of roads and mining. Commerce has also further isolated the Mbuti peoples. They are in a state of social flux affecting their beliefs, values, and traditional culture. Everything in the Bambuti life is centered on the forest. They consider the forest to be their great protector and provider and believe that it is a sacred place. They sometimes call the forest â€Å"mother† or â€Å"father.† An important ritual that impacts the Bambuti’s life is referred to as molimo. After events such as death of an important person in the tribe, molimo is noisily celebrated to wake the forest, in the belief that if bad things are happening to its children, it must be asleep. As for many Bambuti rituals, the time it takes to complete a molimo is not rigidly set; instead, it is determined by the mood of the group. Food is collected from each hut to feed the molimo, and in the evening the ritual is accompanied by the men dancing and singing around the fire. Women and children must remain in their huts with the doors closed. These practices were studied thoroughly by British anthropologist Colin Turnbull, known primarily for his work with the tribe. â€Å"Molimo† is also the name of a trumpet the men play during the ritual. Traditionally, it was made of wood or sometimes bamboo, but Turnbull also reported the use of metal drainpipes. The sound produced by a molimo is considered more important than the material it is made out of. When not in use, the trumpet is stored in the trees of the forest. During a celebration, the trumpet is retrieved by the youth of the village and carried back to the fire. The Mbuti people are in great cultural transition, being influenced more and more by the surrounding dominate encroaching culture. As the outside word encroaches on these indigenous people, their beliefs, traditions and practices, they are slowly losing their original uniqueness in an ever shrinking world that seems to be losing boundaries. As of recent, they are even given to the accumulation of outside currencies for use in their day to day lives.

Cloudstreet Prologue

The prologue of Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet transcends one family’s tragic loss into the realms of the metaphysical, commenting on his views of life and death. Readers can contrast these views to our more modern ideologies. Through the use of poetic language Winton adds a spiritual dimension to the lives of people living in a secular society. Through imagery he also offers a construction of Australian cultural identity. Using techniques like point of view, repetition, juxtaposition, symbolism, as well as tapping into Australian vernacular and language that appeals to the senses, he manages to convey these ideas to readers.I think that the change of point of view is one of the more effective techniques Winton uses in this extract. From the beginning where he clearly uses an inclusive pronoun to describe the gathering, â€Å"Will you look at us† to the ending where the pronoun has switched to exclusive, â€Å"And you can’t help but worry for them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This technique draws attention to the exclusion both of Fish, the reason this event took place, and of the reader. We are forced to the sidelines, watching the physical description of the families meld into a spiritual description of life and death.This extract proposes ideas about living and dying that are quite opposite to our modern ideologies. Winton suggests that the world of the living is a closed, narrow one, material and â€Å"foetid. † This contrasts to his views on death which is portrayed as a dimension of freedom and â€Å"broad vaults and spaces† that â€Å"you can see it all† from. He makes this evident through emotive language that appeal to the senses. The olfactory** word â€Å"foetid† immediately gives the idea of living a negative connotation where â€Å"silver-skinned river† is presented with such a positive, beautiful image that even the suggestion of death feels beautiful.In fact, Winton discusses water, not only in this extr act, but throughout the whole novel in highly symbolic terms. I read, in the prologue, the â€Å"silver-skinned river† to be a portal between the world of the physical and metaphysical. As Fish peers into it he sees â€Å"all the wonders inside it. † I believe Winton is conveying the idea that spirituality is a necessary aspect of life. Also the metaphor â€Å"the sound of it (the water) has been in his ears all his life† intensifies the description of Fish’s desire for the metaphysical.The quote â€Å"One of the here is leaving† can be seen as very symbolic in the fact that it describes literally Fish’s leaving the group and, in the end, leaving this life. But it also could be read to mean how figuratively Fish is transcending from the material world to the physical one through means of the river. Certain phrases are used to enhance this metaphysical portrayal of the world. Images like â€Å"earthly vision† juxtapose to highlight the idea behind the image, togetherness of the two families. â€Å"Burst of consciousness† is another spiritual, metaphorical phrase which contributes to the sense of Fish’s mind right before death.Referencing â€Å"time and space,† of course, immediately places the images into the world of the metaphysical. I think swapping so easily from materialistic images to spiritual is a clever way of expressing the themes and main ideas of Cloudstreet. As well as a spiritual reading, I see Winton making efforts to allude to a representation of Australian cultural identity. First, the use of Australian vernacular such as â€Å"chiacking† and â€Å"skylarking† sets the place for readers allowing us to see Winton’s view of this country. Throughout the novel, and even in this extract, there is a tone of longing for an Australia of the past.An Australia that was never really existant, historically. The entirety of the book is a construction of Australian lif e, a representation of the cultural identity. The cumulating of picnic foods leads to an image of celebration in Australian summer. An image that continues throughout the episodic narrative of the rest of the book. Australia can be seen as presented through an idealistic lens. For example â€Å"in a good worlds in the midst of our living† conveys an ideal Australia of community that anyone who has lived here for more than a day knows is not always an accurate perception.Winton wanted to express this view so much that he emphasized it through poetic the language technique of repetition to draw attention to the â€Å"one day, one clear, clean, sweet day. † The syntax is meandering in parts as well as abrupt and sharp in others to bring emphasis to ideas and images. For example where readers gain some insight into Fish’s mind the sentences become far more simple and short. â€Å"All. † â€Å"He sits. †etc in order to express the simplicity of Fishâ₠¬â„¢s thoughts. Repetition too portray the thoughts of a more simply minded person. Teeth teeth teeth† are the focus of Fish’s mind therefore this will be the focus of Winton’s description. In reading Tim Winton’s flowing, emotive language I found myself understanding this view of life and death more clearly. This extract allows readers to open their minds to ideas that are quite contrary to our ideologies today. The construction of Australian culture is one infused with a sense of longing and love, something those who also love Australia today can identify with. For that reason, I believe this book has a strong essence of cultural identity despite the fact that it’s not necessarily a correct representation.

Link between economic development and crime and corruption Research Paper

Link between economic development and crime and corruption - Research Paper Example Experts who have not found a close link between economics and crime have linked increased crime outbreaks to a rapid rise in drug markets. Some even linked crime to inequality and injustice meted out to certain sections of the population. However, many experts continue to maintain that recession is in most cases the trigger for a rise in crime rates. The main reason for a lack of clear understanding between the various factors has been attributed to the inability of economists to conduct appropriate studies to ascertain the links. Many crimes occurring in the society is driven by favorable opportunities and changes brought about by social and scientific developments. For example, developments of better locking systems and use of advanced monitoring systems can bring down the crime rates in society irrespective of economic upheavals. However, crime rates are also likely to soar due to increasing unemployment rates that cause marked behavioral changes among the youth. While some expert s argue that lack of resources would prevent people from engaging in criminal activities, many others cite bouts of inflation and the increased demand for goods can also result in increase in criminal activities (Plumer, 2010). The second article by Wei reported in the National Bureau of Economic Research, explores the effect of corruption on the economic development of a country. In the case of the link between corruption and economic development, one of the first studies conducted for this analysis was by Mauro, who conducted a cross country regression study. From his study he concluded that countries where there was widespread corruption showed a much slower economic growth. However, since many factors can contribute to slower growth it is much difficult to solely analyze the effects due to corruption. One of the ways by which corruption deters economic growth is by reducing foreign direct

The Recruitment Process Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Recruitment Process - Article Example The public service caters for publicly provided goods and services. In this regard, the public sector human resource department needs to be competitive and responsible prior to service delivery. As an organization mandated to offer human resource services to the Australian States and Federal Government, Talent Seek manages 500 employees. These employees play different roles and purposes. About 80% of employees in Talent Seek are under the permanent basis of employment. Among the 500 employees in Talent Seek, there is one senior human resource manager who oversees all recruitment processes. Under the senior HR manger, there are 6 departmental recruitment mangers. Each recruitment manager gets assistance from 6 HR coordinators serving in the respective departmental levels. Talent Seek makes known its job vacancies by the way of advertisement. On average, Talent Seek receives about 18000 to 26000 applications within a month for advertised 300 job vacancies. Talent Seek has successfully taken the role of conducting recruitment for the public service in Australia. Jenny Deakin, Business Analysts and other Business Analysis & Improvement team members in the company have identified statistical and cost concerns that need to be analysed with regard to proper functioning and realization of the company’s objectives in a bid to put in place in place the most effective and efficient workforce for the public service. In order to do this, the company has to take into account all aspects of its recruitment procedures.

How did religion and socio-economic factors challenges to reform under Essay

How did religion and socio-economic factors challenges to reform under the Qajars in Iran from the mid-19th to early 20th century - Essay Example This paper will discuss the manner in which religion and socio-economic factors challenged reform under the Qajars in Iran from the mid-19th to early 20th century. In any society, religion is an important aspect especially in development and reforms issues. In the Iranian society, between the periods of mid-19th century and early 20th century, reformation occurred in terms of nationality, identity, politics and the constitution. In these reformations, religion was an important aspect. Islam was the main and most famous religion in Iran and reflected the definite economic trends and the changes in class interests, property relations and social tendencies. Islam was an integral part of leadership, political, economic and social lives of people in Iran at this time. Thus, it influenced the type of reformation that occurred in the country. During the Qajar dynasty in Iran, the political leadership and governance of the country was a weak centralized regime that had strong provincial tribal forces and an independent religious establishment (Lapidus, 2002:65). European conquests, cultural influence and economic expedition made the state and society weak and encouraged constitutional revolution. However, Islam opposed the reformations that were introduced by the Europeans especially because the reforms were seen as a conflict of religious interest between Christianity from Europe and Islam that had existed in Iran for a good while. For instance, Europeans wanted women to be educated similarly to men, something that Islam was against because according to its customs, women were not the same as men, were not allowed to get an education but remain at home, and serve their families (Nomani & Behdad, 2006:127). The fact that the Qajars wanted to maintain a tenuous suzerainty enhanced the power of the religious establishments. The independence of the religious establishment hit the Qajars hard. The Ulama of Iran had a strong

Eva Bellin argues that democratic transition can be carried out Essay

Eva Bellin argues that democratic transition can be carried out successfully when the state's coercive apparatus [security - Essay Example The dissatisfaction may rise to violence but if the state’s coercive apparatus, which is Military and Police, is willing to suppress the revolutionaries, the system still can have the chances of survival even among hazards though illegitimately (Skocpol, 1979). The same rule applies to the democratic transition which is, in a sense, a revolution which the state’s powerful apparatus tries to stop from taking effect (Skocpol, 1979). For example in Middle East, what hinders democracy is the strong authoritarianism systematically helped by the military (Bellin, 2004). The powerful military has the illegitimate will to resist democratic transition in Middle East. Coercive apparatus sometimes couples with the civilian leadership for example in Egypt and Syria. Here the leadership is civilian however no true democratic transition can occur. The reason is simple; civilian leadership and military go hand in hand for the joint interests and against the joint threat. They control the state mutually and the share in authority is so systematically equaled that none can go against the other. Both of them are patrimonially linked to each other (Bellin, 2004). For the state’s coercive apparatus to permit the society to experience democratic transition, there are many factors which play the pivotal role. Economy is one such factor. The stronger is the economy of a state, the less are the chances of democratization to emerge and succeed. Analytics of the history reveal that whenever the economy went down and the coercive apparatus got less money from the regime, misunderstandings developed between the state and military. With consistency in the downfall of the economy, the misunderstandings took the aggravated shape. The crises benefitted the democratic powers to struggle for the transition. Politicians struggled with no fear as the military had its own problems. They stood successful in their mission (Bellin, 2004). The international support for a regime de cides the fate of democratic transition. The situation in such cases demands honesty to be shown by the international community. When the coercive regimes lose their international support, they are encountered with many issues. The aggravating situations require immediate replacement and democracy comes up with the most feasible solution. The coercive apparatus has to welcome the democratic transition. They are forced to do so because the absence of international support results in the downfall of the economy (Bellin, 2004). The strength of coercive apparatus lies in its institutionalization. The more is the apparatus institutionalized, the less will it have the will to conquer the political borders. The less is the coercive apparatus institutionalized, the more will it have the will to resist the democratic transition. Institutionalization in coercive apparatus refers to the norms inside it. If the apparatus is systematically administered by the use of rules, principles and merit, it is called to be institutionalized. Here recruitment is based on merit and promotion on performance not political affiliation. Discipline is a sort of ethics in the domain (Huntington, 1991). Contrary to this, coercive apparatus is said to be less institutionalized if there is no obeying of rules and principles in the proper understanding of the terms. Promotion is hierarchical and

Management Of Pressure Ulcers Among Chronic Care Patients Dissertation

Management Of Pressure Ulcers Among Chronic Care Patients - Dissertation Example Continued pressure on one part of the body may cause these pressure ulcers to manifest; and with continued neglect and without any medical and/or nursing intervention, these pressure ulcers can progress to their more serious stages. With adequate and appropriate nursing management, these pressure ulcers can however be prevented and treated. This paper shall discuss the various nursing management methods for pressure ulcers among the adult chronic care patients. This paper shall consider the risk factors for pressure ulcers and the different stages of the progression of this medical problem. It shall discuss the specific nursing management measures which can be applied in order to prevent the appearance and the progression of pressure ulcers among adult chronic care patients. This paper is being carried out in order to establish clear standards in the management of pressure ulcers. This topic was chosen because of this student’s current involvement with adult care practice, wit h much attention given to chronic care patients and the different issues they experience as long-term patients. Much attention needs to be given again to chronic care because these are domains of nursing practice which often calls for the most hours spent by nurses. Pressure ulcers in this paper shall be defined as â€Å"a lesion caused by unrelieved pressure with damage to the underlying tissue† (Mauk, 2009, p. 501). Adult chronic care patients shall refer to adult patients, aged 18 years and above suffering from chronic conditions (prolonged period of time). These chronic conditions are diseases or medical conditions which often persist for prolonged periods; they include conditions like paralysis, fracture, coma, cancer, osteoarthritis, and spinal injury. With these considerations, this paper aims to establish the different methods of managing pressure ulcers among elderly chronic care patients. Specifically, it shall discuss the different ways of preventing the appearance of pressure ulcers among patients at risk for pressure ulcers. A review of studies in relation to the current topic shall be undertaken in different databases including the library catalogues, research indices, the internet, and similar databases such as Medline, CI NAHL, and the Royal College of Nursing. Library searches shall be carried out by using library catalogues and search databases. Books and journals, as well as news articles shall be reviewed with particular focus on the keywords: nursing management and pressure ulcers. Internet searches shall include database searches using keywords nursing management and pressure ulcers, pressure sores, and decubitus ulcers. Relevant materials shall be set aside for further review. Materials which shall be included in this review shall be studies published from January 2000 to January 2011. Those which discuss the nursing management of pressure ulcers or sores shall be considered for this research. The credibility of these authors as well as their publishers shall also be reviewed. Those which discuss pressure ulcers among the elderly shall also be included in this paper. These parameters shall help provide inclusion criteria for this study. Main body Pressure ulcers are serious medical issues invo lving vulnerable patients. According to the Ministry of Health or MOH (2001, p. 6), incidents of pressure ulcer register at a rate of 5% to 16% among in-patients. It is therefore important to prevent this condition in order to avoid its worsening and progression into deeper skin layers. These pressure ulcers are assessed and described at different stages. For the sake of

Lifeline Community Fellowship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifeline Community Fellowship - Assignment Example The church leadership comprises of one senior pastor and three associate pastors †¢ The church ministry is classified into six categories namely: children ministry, youth ministry, young adult ministry, men group, women group, and married couples. †¢ The church has partnered with a number of organizations to spread the gospel as well as provide humanitarian assistance to the needy. Some of these organizations include Outreach to the world, Angels Forgotten, and Global Health Partnership. †¢ Most of the church staffs are volunteers who serve as guest ushers, instrumentalists and cleaners. Other staff members in the church payroll include ministry leaders, security personnel, and accountants. †¢ The church primary source of funds is from members’ contributions, tithes, and donations. Most of these funds are used to support the church internal operations such payment of the staff. †¢ The church also finance their missionaries sent to spread the gospel in other parts of the world such as Haiti, Philippines, Mexico, India, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Lifeline Community Fellowship). †¢ Lifeline Community Fellowship assets include cars, property, and other assets held by the church’s humanitarian foundations.

According to Nietzsche, what did good and bad originally man in early Essay

According to Nietzsche, what did good and bad originally man in early heroic Western society Who (according to Nietzsche) re-valued this original meaning and changed it into good and evil What - Essay Example That is, ‘good’ was linked with the superior, privileged and noble, whereas ‘bad’ was linked with the common low and working-class (Guay, 96). Nevertheless, the offspring of the low class started resenting being inferior; they started resenting being ‘bad.’ Their hatred towards the upper-class led to a â€Å"radical changing of their ideals. Meaning ‘good’ and ‘bad’ started to reverse in meaning so that now ‘good’ defined the common, poor low, and inferior, whereas ‘bad’ now was for the powerful, rich, privileged and superior. In this manner, the deprived, sick, helpless and poor became virtuous, whereas the superior, noble and wealthy became wicked (Guay, 96). This transformation of values is likely when the hatred of the lesser classes for the powerful turns out to be so huge that they get reparation just in imagining or building a diverse moral system. It is this building of a contrasting moral system that is referred by Nietzsche as the slave morality. Thus, so that the powerless can have a better feeling of the circumstances that they are in, they build a morality for themselves, which is a slave morality, where the lesser are ‘good’ while the dominant are ‘evil.’ Nietzsche expresses his dissatisfaction with the psychologists who have attempted to give the origin of morality. They say that they are historians of morality; however they do not have a historical spirit. Their theories propose that originally individuals gain from altruism actions of others would applaud the actions and refer to them as ‘good.’ That means, what was initially ‘good’ and useful were taken as one and the same. With time, the genealogists propose, that the original association be forgotten, and the habit of referring to altruism actions ‘good’ resulted to the conclusion that they were somehow good of and in themselves (Guay, 97). Nietzsche does not agree with this account. He

Starting your Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Starting your Marketing Plan - Essay Example A syndicated mall is a convenient location to attract people who will walk past the mall. Segment location of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will spreads around ten miles within the radius of the mall. The location of the salon will harbor a target population of 4500 people. The location of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will consider various demographic, behavioral, and geographical factors. The business will serve their target market from a centrally located region. Geographically, Zsamar’s Barber Salon immediate city is New York and the communities that will surround the business consist of 100,300 people. Demographically, the business will serve adult women, teens, young women, and children. Consequently, 3-12 years will comprise 0.1% of the target market, 13-19 years will comprise 14% of the target population, 20-30 years will comprise 26%, while 30 years and above will comprise 56% of the target population. Based on the business’ distribution, the services and product s of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will be dispensed from the central

The Representation of evil in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

The Representation of evil in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay In 1886, Robert Louis Stevenson published his short novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. A recurring theme in the novella is that of evil, a popular subject in Victorian literature as it is such an interesting concept to interpret. The story was set in London, a city put across in the novella as being a dark, intimidating place (as most of the scenes were set in the night-time), and where otherwise respectable men and women indulged in evil activities such as gambling, sex, violence and drugs. Stevenson makes many references to the id and ego, which Sigmund Freud wrote about earlier in the 20th century. Freud believed that the id and ego were in constant battle with one another, the id being the unfettered self, and the ego a personality you project on society. The id very much represents the evil side of man in Stevensons novella, and this is shown when the respectable Dr. Jekyll takes the potion to release Hyde, his animalistic id. Stevenson was plagued by ill-health as a child, and was taken care of by a nurse. The nurse was a strong Christian, and thrust stories upon him of evil people burning in hell for eternity, and good people being taken to heaven. Stevenson disagreed with the belief that people were born either good or evil, rather that they were born as both. Sigmund Freud wrote that when a child is born, they are id-ridden, meaning that they demand instant satisfaction. He believed that as a child grows, their ego is formed around social morals, norms and taboos. Stevenson seems to suggest that as the ego suppresses the id, the ids affect on behavior becomes stronger, causing people to indulge in activities regarded as being evil. Stevenson also uses symbolism to convey evil. The doors used by Jekyll and Hyde are an example of symbolism. In chapter 1 The Story of the Door, Stevenson describes the door used by Hyde. The door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. This immediately gives the image of someone who doesnt care about appearance or image. Mr. Hyde using this door shows that he isnt respectable and he needs to hide away. The location of the door also suggests the evil being hidden away, down a back alley, deep inside a persons mind. I dont believe Mr. Hydes actions are evil. By definition, evil actions are conscious decisions to have a negative effect on something, and that contradicts the whole concept of the id. The id is something that all humans are born with, and, as Freud wrote, does not have knowledge of good and evil, only that its desires demand instant satisfaction. What comes across to the crowd and audience as an evil action because no flicker of remorse is shown, is actually not intended. The first time we hear about him is when we are told of a madman knocking down a small child and walking straight over her. It sounds like nothing to hear, but it was hellish to see. It wasnt like a man; it was like some damned Juggernaut. The phrase juggernaut suggests Mr. Hyde is amoral, not evil. Hyde isnt bothered about who or what he hurts; he doesnt have a conscience to speak of. He never feels guilty of his actions. As he gets more out of control, he acts more like an animal, and quite insanely. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot. When Jekyll tries to control his evil side, after a while, it doesnt work because, as stated before, when the evil is suppressed it comes back more powerful than before. Jekyll starts to change into Hyde without taking the potion. Hyde is gradually taking over and Jekyll is becoming more evil. In chapter 7 we see this happening. Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield are standing below the window where Mr. Jekyll is sitting. Suddenly they see something which shocks and scares them; froze the blood of the two gentlemen below. They saw it but for a glimpse for the window was instantly thrust down, but that glimpse had been sufficient. This shows that Jekylls evil side is increasing with time and starting to control him. It also shows that Jekyll is becoming more dependant on the antidote to stop him becoming Hyde and to keep the evil in check, rather than before, when he was using it to isolate his evil side. Other characters always react with shock and horror to Mr. Hyde; this is because he is so repulsive looking and primitive. The image scared a lot of people and as Hyde is rude and unsociable no one likes him or is prepared to talk to him. I had taken a loathing to the man at first sight. His appearance and manner also provoked a bad reaction from people. He gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running. The haunting sense of unexpressed deformity with which the fugitive impresses his beholders. Jekyll is the only person who does not react with horror at Hyde. And yet when I looked upon that ugly idol in the glass, I was conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome. This, too, was I. He realises that the man staring back at him from the mirror was himself in a different, more evil form. At the time Stevenson was writing the novella, people were very judgmental of those who looked different. This included people with all sorts of different disabilities, which are now widely accepted. Back then, these deformed people would have been shut away and often the public thought that only a deformed or evil soul could cause such deformities on the outside. These real, sadly common reactions from the late 1800s probably had a huge influence on the attitudes that Stevensons characters had towards Hyde in the book. The book seems to associate evil with animal quite frequently. This can be seen in the way the book describes how Hyde acts, but also in the way he speaks, often using the term hissed and croaked. In many religions, certain animals are associated with evil, like in the bible, where a snake was personified as Satan. This can be linked to the then recently published theory of evolution, which shocked many people. Darwins theory stated that animals evolved, rather than being created by god, which contradicted the heavily Christian Victorians beliefs. It seems ironic that Darwin was a man of the church, trying to prove religion right. It seems to me that Robert Louis Stevenson, while writing this novella, set out to make the repressed Victorian society think about its morals and beliefs, and, like many great writers, to challenge the public to think in a new way about themselves and the society they live in.

Impacts Of Globalization Islamic Architecture Cultural Studies Essay

Impacts Of Globalization Islamic Architecture Cultural Studies Essay The tension between modernity and tradition has influenced all aspects of todays life, especially in the social, cultural and architectural aspects. This dual structure closely reflects the realities that most modern Muslim societies face today. The impact of modernity and globalization cannot be ignored, which has become one of the most controversial issues in contemporary Islamic architecture. In recent years there have been a considerable number of papers and books regarding the dialogue between old and new or modernity and tradition, which emphasize the role of these challenges in our life. Most of the times becoming dissolved by globalization do not let us pause and rethink the architectural styles we are following. What are the reasons that we need to talk about the consequences of globalization? Because it is necessary for a dialogue to be created between new horizons that take shape within a globalized context and local values, especially when we discuss an Islamic country like Iran that has experienced an Islamic revolution by its own people. We should rethink the challenges of contemporary Islamic architecture in order to enhance our knowledge and increase our ability to tackle current problems confronting the cultural and architectural need of the changing Muslim society. On the one hand there is an urgent need to revitalize local identities and characters and on the other there is inevitable need for new building materials and technologies. The architectural character of purpose -built Islamic community centers in non-Muslim countries has been shaped by image of Islamic architecture in the West constructed through the Orientalist discourse, the post-colonial search for identity, and the particularities of postmodern architectural practice. Nowadays we believe that the architecture of the present day is surely the product of past lessons, even if historicism and classicism are in minority. There are subjects we need to consider such as the main approaches and groups in contemporary Islamic architecture and their perspectives regarding globalization and regionalism in contemporary architecture. Since the 1970s and 1980s the economy systems in Middle Eastern countries (as the biggest Muslim societies in the world) like Iran or UAE has been undergoing a process of transformation from international to global. The furiously rapid development of information and telecommunication technologies and infrastructures is bringing advancements such as the worldwide spread of finance and capital markets. Finally the reorganization of these various global functions has caused the transformation of the metropolises that were the historical and traditional centers of international exchanges. Not only did globalization and global approaches become widespread all over the world, but they also became impossible to ignore. Globalization is a word transposed from globalization and localization. The advance of globalization gave rise to simultaneously react to and resist local movements at the various levels of nationalism. This approach showed that globalization and localization are not unilateral processes and cannot be successful without a collaborative approach and always being together. Globalization is driving localization and localization is driving globalization at the same time. Traditional architecture (Islamic architecture, for an instance) was confronted with western architecture; they are getting compared at all the times. Modern architecture enjoys materials of premium and high quality, total advanced technology of the day and the hunger of new designers, architectures and engineers in inventing new things, but traditional architecture would utilize the same traditional technologies and the same outlines and limitations; as a result this battle did not lead to a desire and pleasant state of things and it was western architecture that won the unfair race. International style and modern architecture were the first true examples of the newly-fashioned styles that dominated the scene of contemporary Islamic architecture. This facing with the new ideas cost traditional architecture its coherence, originality and integrity; however it caused many challenges in the later periods such as the usage of modern material that is totally irrelevant to the function of the buildings, such as mosques with facades covered with English orange tiles or using black marble to make a minaret. Analysis At the turn of the twentieth century the roots of international architecture style had already taken shape in steel-framed, concrete faced and multistory commercial buildings. But it was to take another fifty years and some social reforms to change the contemporary Islamic (religious spaces) architectures trends before the spirit of modern Islamic architecture began to find a coherent style that could call its own. 2.1. Contemporary architecture of Islamic countries At the turn of the twentieth century the roots of international architecture style had already taken shape in steel-framed, concrete faced and multistory commercial buildings. But it was to take another fifty years and some social reforms to change the contemporary Islamic (religious spaces) architectures trends before the spirit of modern Islamic architecture began to find a coherent style that could call its own. The middle decades of the twentieth century could be called the ascendancy of international style in Middle East, when no one dared to question the validity of its principles. The powerful waves of globalization have influenced the trends of contemporary Islamic architecture in many ways. It has changed architectural education and training, materials and components, ideas and conceptions, political and economic conditions, social and civic values, and technology and the design process substantially. Taking Iran as an example for modern Muslim society in the Middle East, we can find facts that Islam as a main component of society has a visible effect on architecture and design. The revival of Islamic regional architecture epitomized the revivalist ideas of exponents of the Islamic revolution of Iran that want to dominate Islam as the most determining criterion in all aspect of life, especially in culture, art and architecture. They are looking for a version of traditional architecture that could be implemented in contemporary circumstances. Some radical trend in contemporary Iranian architecture emphasized a backward looking historicism; however this has been among a small minority of architects. Regional movements accuse modern architect of sacrificing traditional values, but on the other hand they accused regional movements of not being diligent in the enhancement of the quality of contemporary Islamic architecture of Middle East. 2.2. Islamic architecture in non-Muslim countries; Mosques and Islamic community centers As we know representation of Islamic architecture in the West go back at least to the eighteenth century, when European travelers and artists came back from the Islamic world with vivid impressions, which they recorded both in writing and paintings. To them, the most fascinating aspects of the mosque were its domes and minarets. Due to restricted access, the images these foreigners conveyed were generally distorted; minarets and columns were ill-proportioned; curvatures of domes were exaggerated; pointed, shallow, and horseshoe arches were used interchangeably, and so on. The diversity of backgrounds, origins, and ethnicities of Muslims in non-Muslim societies and their shared values and experiences with fellow Muslims all over the world are important aspects of identity of Muslims in non-Muslim countries. The daily interaction of Muslims with the issues of immigration, multiculturalism, a loosened relationship between the religion and the government, liberalism, stereotypes and racism has shaped the development of their hybrid identity. These Muslims are striving within this context to develop an Islamic society that is autonomous as well as participatory, one that constantly attempts at adapting to the contradictions of living in non-Muslim countries. This society would nonetheless be vigilant to avoid the hegemony of the dominant culture, and aware of its role in challenging injustices. Efforts to engage this way with society are evidenced by the participation of Muslims in local and national politics, the armed forces, an increased emphasis on education, and a growing economic base supported by Islamic banking institution. Amidst this interaction, Islamic community centers have emerged as clear markers of the distinctly Muslims presence of this population. The very concept of an Islamic community center in a non-Muslim country represents a set of contradictions. It is not just a mosque for performing prayers; rather it concerns the establishment of a religion, in majority society of non- Muslims who have by and large secularized themselves over the last two centuries. The Islamic communities in these countries are seeking to build for their selves a sense of group identity in a social context that glorifies individualism as opposed to communal interaction. They strive to create permanence and stability in a culture that is increasingly based on mobility, transition and change. The community centers and mosques in these countries struggle to maintain to their ties with the ancient past that they are supposed to link to and far away homelands in a seemingly isolated land. The formation of Islamic community centers indicates a search for identity among Muslims that goes beyond the limitations of ethnic bonds. It also serves as a community institution that helps to consolidate their scattered efforts and secure the right to practice their beliefs. Most Islamic community centers and Mosques in non- Muslim countries have been designed by architects who base their knowledge of Islamic architecture on their own image of it, inspired by the increasing number of community buildings throughout the western countries, as well as the substantial literature that has been developed in the West on Islamic architecture. The emerging architecture can be seen as a descendent of the Moorish revival style and the architecture of fantasy inspired by Islamic pavilions in the expositions of the nineteenth century. Just as these styles formed part of a general western trend, so has the architecture of the Islamic community center become the part of a wider architectural movement in the west, where the presence of Muslim communities in increasingly felt, especially in the metropolitan centers of Western Europe and North America. Figure 1 Through their experience in designing Islamic community centers, non- Muslim architects often learn to reconsider some of their myths about Islam, and to change their previous negative images about Muslims. Such experiences not only increase their knowledge of non-Western aesthetic and building traditions, but also expose them to the nature of Islam itself, especially the tenets which are most prominently reflected in the designs for municipal and domestic buildings and mosques. Unfortunately, many of the new Islamic community centers in America are scaled down and impoverished imitations of old monuments The architect of the West Virginia Community Center, William Preston boast that: The South Charleston Center is modeled after a famous Islamic house of worship, the Badshahi Mosque, in Lahore, Pakistan (fig. 1). The Badhsahi Mosque is bigger than the Taj Mahal, and is considered the largest house of worship in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In the final product, the building in no way resembles any of these monuments, but this is not seen t disappoint either the architect or the client. Faithful imitation was not the intention; rather it is the capturing of the flavor of the old (fig. 2) Figure 2 The result is often kind of parody, which is presumably found desirable within a community seeking a nostalgic relationship to the past. In this case, the role of the architect is to revive the past and reinterpret its vocabulary in the contemporary architectural language. In the U.S., this is the language of the commercial strip. The resultant combination of architectural revivalism and the strip mall aesthetic more often captures the essence of an exotic Oriental restaurant than the spirit of traditional Islamic architecture. In such buildings the aesthetic features of the mosque- the minaret especially- are appropriated like the sign posts advertising gas stations or fast food restaurants. The distorted expression of many Islamic community centers in the U.S., their vivid colors, and their use of modern industrial materials, contribute to a generally crude aesthetic, one which may be related to the general loss of high skills and craftsmanship, low budgets, and the low level of ar tistic sophistication on the part of both client and architecture. On the other hand, it is worth pointing out that in the quest for self-representation through architecture, the use of format icons such as domes and minarets has become widespread, not just in non-Islamic countries, but also in many Islamic ones, even where those forms did not belong in the past. While this globalized use of iconic references may seem to be a product of the Muslims attempt at representing themselves through an architecture that they see as authentic and reflects the essence of their Islamic culture, it is in fact more closely related to the Western representations of Islamic architecture being perpetuated today by both Muslims and non-Muslim famous architects and scholars around the globe. Conclusion At a glance at the discussion it might be possible to conclude that the interest of contemporary Islamic architecture in Glocalization and moderate attitudes is in a good condition and is going to become the main popular style in Contemporary Islamic architecture, especially among the recent generation of young architects. Global-regionalism is too young to find a coherent style that it could call its own; therefore there are several kinds of approaches that could be categorized in this group. Their buildings are suggested by the spirit of traditional Islamic architecture, as well as the utilization of new technologies and materials. This paradoxical strategy is the main specificity of the new generation of contemporary Islamic architects. Their fidelity to the spirit of their ancestors, as well as their keen interest in new technologies and advanced building materials, formed a new generation that could only be called Glocalized. The architecture of Islamic community centers in non-Muslim countries illustrates issues related to a minority culture attempting, through architectural form, to re-establish continuity and stability, to express identity and to maintain forms of collective memory. The relationship between identity and iconic references should be seen within a broad-based setting, due to the increasing globalization of ideas about contemporary Islamic architecture that are constantly moving back and forth between the West and the Islamic world through architectural writing, competitions and commissions. While Islamic architecture in non-Muslim countries has already contributed to deconstructing the totalizing agendas of identity politics and Orienatalist stereotyping, cycles of representation are difficult to escape. The focus needs to shift to what kind of identity is being expressed, and where the architectural aspects of collective memory of Muslims can be complemented, overlaid, or even replaced by other systems, so as not to miss the potentials of creative representation. This critical understanding may raise issue of shred human values that can help create a dialogue with non- Muslims through architecture. This can be achieved through fragmentation and perhaps domesticity that reduce the authoritative aspects of formality and humanizes the architectural product. Emphasis needs to be directed toward the expression of transparency, rather than obsession with privacy and exclusiveness. List of references Al-Qawasmi, Jamal[2007], Regional Architecture and Identity in the age of Globalization, volume 3, CSAAR, Tunisia Owen, Graham[2009], Architecture, Ethics and Globalization, Routledge, USA Guggenheim, Michael[2010], Reshaping Cities, How global mobility transforms architecture and urban form, Routledge, USA Hillenbrand Robert [2004], Islamic architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning, Columbia University Press, USA Petruccioli Attilio[2002], Understanding Islamic Architecture, Routledge, USA

Creation And Purpose Of The Articles Of Confederation History Essay

Creation And Purpose Of The Articles Of Confederation History Essay After colonies received their independence from Great Britain, each state was different from each other and had its own form of government. So, it was necessary for a national government to unify them, in case of any disputes that threaten the nation as a whole like the Revolutionary War. Because, the colonies were too unfit to face any problems it faced on as its own independent nation. The Articles of Confederation was able to form a loose confederation of United States and deal with foreign disputes as an entire nation. In essence, it was the first national government for the United States. But, the ideas of having a national government were around a long time ago. Eventually during July 1775, he submitted a brand new call for the Articles of Confederation, however no drafts were written up until 1776. At last, it became ratified by all 13 states in 1781. (146) Weaknesses of and Problems with the Articles of Confederation Although the Articles of Confederation had the ability to bring the states together under one form of government, it later soon was introduced to many problems because of how weak it was. Such as, Congress did not have the power to dish out taxes. A big problem had arisen. There was an inability to raise funds prevented Congress from paying for an army. Threats could possibly be imposed against our nation because Congress could not provide national defense. In addition, there was no way to carry out treaties, which made international affairs painfully suffer since other countries became unsatisfied their treaty wasnt taken in action by the states. Congress couldnt issue trade restrictions or stop states from issuing their own standard form of money, so the country was really able to see where they were economically. It couldnt protect property rights, there was no power over state governments, and was dependent on whether states wanted to be involved. Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak, so it had either to be rewritten Constitution or have a newly thought of Constitution in total.(175) Achievements and Successes Under the Articles of Confederation Although, Articles of Confederation soon proved to be unfit or low in strength, it did have some achievements and ups for training an army to fight. This helped garner international view of the United States as being an independent nation of the world. After the Revolutionary War, one of the most important things of the Articles of Confederation was passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This created a blueprint on how a territory could become an actual state; slavery became banned in the Northwest Territory, and saving land to provide for education. Before it was proved to be too weak, the Articles of Confederation also established an ideal central government for the colonies that was not a dictatorship. Many of the colonists feared a powerful national government, the Articles created a very weak, national government, which permitted each state to become much more independent and makes decisions on its own. In Congress, every state received equal representation, disregarding its population. This prevented one state from receiving more votes than others, so every state received one vote. (172) Shays Rebellion A downfall in the economy had occurred, which was created by the low in security of the Articles of Confederation targeted poor farmers the hardest, causing many poor farmers to lose everything. Unhappy with their unpaid dues and the new taxes imposed on them, a farmer by the name of Daniel Shays led a rebellion of 1,200 farmers to protest in January 1787. This became to be known as Shays Rebellion. Abiding by the Articles of Confederation; the Congress couldnt even build upon to put an end to the protest, because most of the protesters were former soldiers of the military itself. The state army was the only army who could try to put it down. This convinced many government officials that a stronger national government was necessary for a last country and that the Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak. A stronger government was needed not only to be able to put down such protests, however to prevent the national turmoil that slowly led up to the upbringing of this rebellion that happened known as Shays Rebellion. (170) Key Delegates to the Constitutional Convention and their Contributions After Shays Rebellion proved how the weakness of the Articles of Confederation was obviously shown, 55 delegates from all twelve states excluding Rhode Island grouped together in the Philadelphia Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, they made the decision to completely throw out the Articles of Confederation and began forming a new framework for the Constitution. Some of the many key delegates at this convention were James Madison, George Mason, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin. Some of the names of lesser known, but just as important delegates were James Wilson, Roger Sherman, William Paterson, Oliver Ellsworth Edmund, etc. Each of these delegates played an important role in forming a new Constitution. George Washington was elected in president of the convention, and James Madison was the main author Constitution and Virginia Plan. William Paterson was the one who thought of and created the idea of the New Jersey Plan and Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plan into forming the Great Compromise. Roger Sherman and James Wilson also created the 3/5ths Compromise. Although the Bill of Rights was not added right away, George Mason is the main author of the Bill of Rights. The contributions of ideas these men made at the Philadelphia Convention played an important role in the formation of the United States, where their ideas are still remain relevant in the Constitution. (223) Purpose of the Constitution In essence, the reason of the Constitution was able to take the place of the nations weak government under the Articles of Confederation with a much stronger, national government that could fix the problems of the entire country caused by the Articles that had an impact on all states. The Constitution gave the national government new powers that it did not have before to keep stability and order in the country. Some of these powers include imposing taxes, funding money, having control over the states, putting treaties into action, controlling commerce, providing defense for the borders of the United States, and guarding rights. All of these powers were nonexistent in the Articles of Confederation, which kept the country remain unified. Under the Constitution, the national government could build upon foreign affairs, fund money through taxes, issue a standard currency, prevent uprisings by having money to pay the army, and restrict a recession by maintaining economic power over the states. This demonstrates how important the Constitution was to the United States development. It solved many problems in the United States that would send the nation into crashing into the ground under the Articles of Confederation, bait it strengthened the nation as a whole. (194) Key Issues and Compromises Regarding the Constitution Numerous important issues taken place during the Constitutional Convention like the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan. After long debate, the Great Compromise was created where the House of Reps would be based on proportional representation of each state, and the Senate has equal representation for each state. Another important problem was whether to have slaves count as part of the population for representation. This issue was solved by the Three-Fifths Compromise, which said that every five enslaved persons would count as three free men. This meant that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. These arguments showed to be very important in Americas history, where the Three-Fifths Compromise, where the South supported the idea because they wanted a bigger population .While, the North opposed it. This gave an indication early on of how the country was foreshadowing the beginning to divide itself and its opposing views points. On the contrary, these compromises in this convention showed the countrys willingness to agree on problems at hand so that they could try to find compromises, instead of always fighting stubbornly for what they wanted. They did what was needed for the entire nation. (233) Organization and Structure of the New Government Under the Constitution Under the rule of the Constitution, there was now a national government that the ability to efficiently run the nation. Despite the gain of power, the Constitution also limited federal power by having the three branches of government: legislative, judicial, and executive. Separating the governments power into three branches and creating a system of checks and balances, every branch of government would limit the power of the other branches. With these limits on each other, not one branch could become more powerful than the other. Also, power was divided between the national and state governments because of federalism. This controlled the power of the national government. Therefore, the power of federalism and sep. of powers, many checks were placed on the national government to limit it and prevent it from receiving too much power. The creation of the Constitution was very necessary in the history of America that still did not absorb all the power. (166) Debates about Ratifying the Constitution and how the Constitution was Actually Ratified For the Constitution to take effect, nine out of the thirteen meaning 9/13 states had to agree or ratify the Constitution. At first, this was a hard feat to achieve because the Constitution was not liked by many since different states had things to say.. Even the Federalists said that it wasnt the most perfect form of government, but was the best form of government the delegates could think of. There was a lot of arguing over problems that the delegates were debating themselves at the convention. People were arguing about the three-fifths compromise and ending slave trade, which increased animosity between the North and the South. In addition, they argued that there was no Bill of Rights where the government would protect the rights of the citizens. The Federalists were at last able to gain followers for the Constitution after they said they would follow up with a Bill of Rights right after ratification. After, two thirds of the colonies agreed to it. Finally, all 13 colonies agreed with the Constitution. . The ratification of the Constitution and the arguments for it shows how the American people came up with compromises for their problems. Instead of opposing lane another and being closed minded, they are open to solutions and compromises. (240) Best Form of Government Ultimately, the Constitution is the best form of government over the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution changes the defects of the Articles of Confederation and even goes further to fix it. The ability to tax was extremely important to parotic the nation from recessions and using a national currency. In addition, the Constitution included inalienable rights. Then, there is separation of powers which where power is equally shared among the branches. Meanwhile, the Articles of the Confederation had only the Confederation Congress which has nobody else regulated it. The new system that has been established is much more clear than the Articles of Confederation.. The clarity of the new system makes sure that everything is seen and fair before it is passed. It would take a longer duration of or must go through more judging to pass. However, it isnt as hard as passing a law using the Articles of Confederation where you need to have all of the states unanimously agree. (162)

Organization and Administration of Higher Education :: Education Essays

Organization and Administration of Higher Education General Objectives: The purpose of this course is to provide an overview of the administration of institutions of higher education. The course is concerned with providing basic information about major administrative units in institutions of higher education, philosophical and theoretical foundations of administration, and current issues faced by administrators. An important feature of this course is to explore issues of leadership and accountability in post secondary education. Specific Objectives: Following are the specific objectives of the course: 1. To orient and familiarize students with the philosophy and administrative organization of institutions of higher education. 2. To examine specific administrative units of institutions of higher education. 3. To identify leadership skills necessary for those who contemplate a career as an administrator in colleges or universities. 4. To examine current issues faced by college and university administrators. 5. To provide students with an opportunity to study one or more administrative units in detail. 6. To improve writing and reporting skills. Accommodations. Students in need of a specific accommodation under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, please contact the instructor privately. Every attempt will be made to provide reasonable accommodations for such students. Readings will be assigned from Internet resources. Students must have access to the World Wide Web to be successful in this course. The WWW is available in the departmental computer lab, the college of education computer lab, and the Parks library. Sequence of Instruction Date Course Topic January 14 Organization of the Course January 21 Holiday January 28 Overview of Higher Education February 4 Institutional mission, Carnegie classification system, accreditation, HBCU’s. February 11 Strategic Planning February 18 Governing Boards and The Presidency--Abstracts due February 25 The Faculty March 4 Mid Term Examination March 11 The Curriculum March 18 Spring Break March 25 Managing Financial Resources April 1 Student Affairs April 8 Measuring Quality-- Papers due April 15 Student Reports April 22 Student Reports April 29 Student Reports May 6 Final Examination Evaluation 1. Each student will submit abstracts of 20 articles or chapters that pertain to the general subject matter on 4x6 cards. Please use no more than one card per abstract. The summary should include the title of the piece (APA Style Manual, either 4th or 5th edition), a brief summary of the purpose of the citation including its contents and conclusions, if any.

Essay on the Angel of a Woman in The Birthmark -- Birthmark Essays

Angel of a Woman in â€Å"The Birthmark†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"The Birthmark,† contains a wonderful example of the perfect wife. This essay will develop that theme.    In the opening paragraph of â€Å"The Birthmark† the narrator introduces Aylmer as a scientist who â€Å"had made experience of a spiritual affinity more attractive than any chemical one.† Hawthorne’s description of the scientist’s love for Georgiana is apt, for love is just that – spiritual. And the theme of this tale is a spiritual one. Through the course of the story Aylmer declines spiritually, while Georgiana advances spiritually.    Even after Aylmer has â€Å"persuaded a beautiful woman to become his wife,† he is not capable of loving her properly, unselfishly, because he â€Å"had devoted himself, however, too unreservedly to scientific studies ever to be weaned from them by any second passion.† The narrator seeks to justify this error or lack in Aylmer by explaining that â€Å"it was not unusual for the love of science to rival the love of woman in its depth and absorbing energy.† Already at the outset of the tale, the reader perceives that Georgiana is going to be shortchanged in this marriage. She is exposed to the problem initially when her husband asks whether â€Å"it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?'' Aylmer is in quest of physical perfection in his wife; unfortunately he discounts her inner, spiritual value so clearly manifested in her comment: ``To tell you the truth it has been so often called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it mi ght be so.'' In using the word â€Å"simple† she is being honest and not sarcastic; she is being humble and respectful of others’ (parents?) evaluation of herself. T... ...dab: â€Å"Laugh, thing of the senses! You have earned the right to laugh.'' But there is no success, for with great tenderness and concern for her husband’s happiness, Georgiana softly says, â€Å"I am dying!† The narrator’s beautifully poetic way of expressing the demise of the wife is memorable: â€Å"The fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame.† The soul of this angelic, loving woman, â€Å"lingering a moment near her husband, took its heavenward flight.† A true angel of womankind is ascending to heaven.    WORKS CITED    Hawthorne, Nathaniel . The Birthmark Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1      

Explain why the Arab invasions of 710 and 711 were so successful. :: essays research papers fc

Explain why the Arab invasions of 710 and 711 were so successful. In answering this question we must first appreciate the difficulty historians face in discovering the real truth of the early Arab invasions, a fact well demonstrated in the varying estimates of Arab invasion forces (ranging from 1,700-9000 in current publications). Scant contemporary evidence exists beyond a short narrative present in a Spanish chronicle of 754, a vital surviving Islamic administrative document of the time, and some archaeological remains. Our knowledge of the invasions is largely founded on the works of later Islamic historians, the Ajbar Machmua text for example and the works of Ibn Idhari and al Maqqari. Unfortunately there are fewer Christian documents available. Julian’s ‘History of Wamba’ is one of few Visigothic texts to be found, further information has therefore been gained from later monastic chroniclers. For religious Muslim contemporary’s the success of the 711 invasion was attributed to the will of Allah as part of Islam’s rapid expansion. Likewise for the Christian author of the 9th century chronicle of Alfonso III the Visigoths’ defeat had been punishment for disobeying God’s commandments. To the majority of medieval men divine intervention was a valid explanation for occurrences, however even then secular minded writers appreciated more practical explanations; principally the unrest which existed within the Visigothic kingdom. The political and social problems which faced Iberia at the time are seen by many modern historians as vital to the conquest’s success. In 710, supposedly the year of the first major Muslim incursion into Spain under Tarif (whether Tarif’s raid even occurred is disputed by some historians ) the new King Roderic succeeded the throne. He was in a vulnerable position from the outset as controversy existed over his succession. It was argued that he had apparently usurped the throne from the rightful heir Akhila son of the old King Wittiza. Although Visigoth royal succession was theoretically elective it was in practice through primogenitor which naturally undermined Roderic’s position. The existence of a rival claimant caused dangerous divisions throughout the kingdom and in Akhila’s demesne land of Tarragona and Narbonne coins were minted without the king’s image, a clear measure of defiance. It is also reported in some sources that during the invasion Akhila conspired with the Arabs to depose Roderic. Some go as far as to say that during the final battle a wing of Roderic’s army loyal to Akhila turned on him in the midst of the fighting.

Playing Monopoly Essay

1. Identify the behaviors that you think are ethically questionable in the history of Microsoft. Evaluate the ethics of these behaviors. Pretend to embrace a technology and become the major source for that technology like buy out the competitors. Declare it obsolete because your original way is better. Wait long enough for a technique or idea to be forgotten by the majority of people or just long enough that the majority of your followers are naive newbies. Bring out the old idea and present it as a new invention. For example, many things in Visual Studio .Net are presented as new ideas even though they have existed in RAD tools like Delphi for over a decade. Why this works? because the majority of new software geeks have no idea what Delphi is and didn’t know that you could do everything exactly the way Microsoft claims you can in their â€Å"new† invention. It is very much clear about incidences that Microsoft has been unethical in its approaches. Rather that applying their own thoughts, most of the products they have released by copying ideas unethically from other competitor’s products. Rather than having the fair competition in the market Gates always tried to monopolize the market. Though all the monopoly has brought him profit but ethically Microsoft didn’t. 2. What characteristics of the market for operating systems do you think created the monopoly market that MIcrosoft’s operating system enjoyed? Evaluate the market in terms of utilitarianism, rights and justice (your analysis should make use of the textbook’s discussion of the effects of monopoly markets on the utility of participants in the market, on the moral rights of participants in the market, and on the distribution of the benefits and burdens among participants in the market), giving explicit examples from the operating sytems industry to illustrate your points. Some of the characteristics of the market that created monopoly market that Microsoft’s operating system enjoyed are as follows: Incorporation of various Microsoft applications like Windows Digital Media Player and  Internet Explorer in 1995 with its operating system gave an advantage to the company as this monopoly worked out for them. Users using Windows didn’t want themselves to get into trouble of purchasing a different browser and different Media Payer. Users were also not ready to pay extra money for buying other companies’ applications, as all those applications were readily available with Microsoft’s operating system. Every company was releasing their applications and operating systems in the market and every time Microsoft was able to know their programs. Using those programs Microsoft created monopoly in the market by releasing advanced version of competitors’ products. As when Navigator came in 1994, Microsoft launched Internet Explorer which was borrowed from Spyglass Inc. and made it similar to Navigator. It incorporated Internet Explorer with Windows. Media player was also incorporated in Windows. Sun Microsystems’s Java was also licensed to Microsoft first and then Microsoft built its own Microsoft java permitting Windows Users to be compatible with it.In the software industry users did not want to shift to new products or applications until proper training and workshops are organized. Microsoft’s used good strategies for training users. With the Installation disk, a proper tour of Windows is provided to facilitate user. 3. In your view, should the goverment have sued Microsoft for vilolation of the antitrust law? In your view, was judge Jackson’s order that Microsoft be broken into two comanies fair to Microsoft? Was judge Killar-Kotelly’s november 1, 2003 decision fair? Was the April 2004 decision of the Eruopean Comission fair to Microsoft? Explain your answers. USA Attorney General Janet Reno filed an antitrust suit against Microsoft in the court of Judge Thomas Jackson. Microsoft made the computer companies using Windows as their operating system not to license, distribute or promote competitive software products of other companies. It embedded Internet Explorer with Windows and thus demolished consumer freedom to go for any other Browser plus it also degraded windows performance. In the agreements with computer companies those using Windows, Microsoft wanted them to leave Internet Explorer as the default Web–Browser and didn’t allow installation of any other browser. The judge was having complete authority  to take hard actions against Microsoft’s unethical business strategies. As per the case study it is evident that Microsoft has used various unethical business strategies to make their business profitable. Microsoft copied the copyright of Apple’s OS/2 and developed its own operating system on the same line . Moreover they forced users to use its Internet Explorer and digital media player. They suppressed the platform independent functionality of Sun’s Java by releasing Microsoft’s Java and making it cross platform language. In my view, government should not have sued Microsoft. Consumers were well satisfied by Windows which was evident from the market share of its use. So signing of agreement involves approval of computer companies and Microsoft and if computer companies have signed that agreement that means they weren’t having any problems and neither consumers upon implementing the agreement. So Microsoft just used a marketing strategy over here. Judge Jackson’s order was fair for the competitors as well as for the software industry because Microsoft has really invoked the monopoly situation in the market. It was essential to have fair competition in the market. As an operating system and applications are totally two different aspects and Microsoft should no t club these two aspects. This order would have helped competitors and users to choose their favorite applications. From Microsoft’s point of view it was not the fair decision, as they never wish to separate their business into two domains. It was a marketing strategy adopted by Microsoft so that it can withstand with the competition. According to them it also facilitated consumers for not spending their money in buying other corresponding software and also playing a risk of installing and uninstalling. According to the settlement between Microsoft and DOJ, Microsoft was asked to share its application programming interface with other software rivals and to allow users to hide Internet Explorer icon from the screen. It was asked not to prevent other competitors programs to install on its operating system and not to retaliate against computer makers in releasing their products. This settlement was officially approved by Judge Kollar-Kotelly on November 1, 2003. The decision was really fair for the competitors as well as users. The decision has created free competitive market in the software industry. It allows users to use other available applications and allow them to hide icons which they do not want to use. From competitors point of view market became much more open to release more  products with advanced techn ologies. This move also helped people to think out of Microsoft’s box and helped to showcase their technical skills. As a result various new operating systems with better performance than Windows like Linux, Suse, Knoppix, and Solaris came in market. 4. Who, if anyone is harmed by the kind of market that Microsoft’s operating system has enjoyed? Explain your answer. What kind of public policies, if any, should we have to deal with industries like the operating system industry. Monopoly of Microsoft’s operating system has harmed everyone from users to computer producers. Due to unavailability of fair market the users were bound to use Microsoft’s operating system and applications. They were unable to hide icons of the Microsoft’s applications from their operating system. From producer’s point of view, they were not free to launch Windows compatible applications due to unavailability of Windows application programming interface in the market. The competition became minimal in the market due to monopoly enjoyed by Microsoft. Due to monopoly in the market one single company Microsoft was holding maximum market share. It hampered the technical advancement and innovation in the market as well. Some of the following public policies could be used to deal with monopoly Government should issue some standards for a given technol ogy/system/product which should be followed by everyone in the industry. Anti-monopoly law can be created to prevent monopoly to occur in the market. Some policies can be incorporated in the system to motivate and encourage newly launched companies to increase the innovation in the market. Some policies should be made to share information among the companies whose applications are inter dependant.

Apa module assignment

Association was founded in 1929 by a group of psychologists, anthropologist and research scholars. It is a method of formatting and citing the idea inside the document which was originally used by someone else in their article. In other words, PAP Is the style of giving proper citation to a statement, quote or idea of others that helps the reader for quick reference at the end of the paper. It enhances the legitimacy and originality of the writer.PAP Tyler Is worldwide accepted form of writing papers, where In text citation and references at the end of the paper proves the genuineness of the writing by Glenn proper acknowledgement to the original Idea of the writer. In-text citation Is used when writer Is using someone else's thoughts and quotes. In-text citations are necessary even If someone else's thoughts which are already published are written In your own words. In-text citations are Important, else Its considered as plagiarism that means to take someone else's work and prove to be yours own.In-text citations can be given by following few simple steps. There are different software's and even word documents that help for citations. In my previous assignment on school bullies I used the In-text citations. Example: Goodman (2013) provides facts and findings in the article, Bullied Kids Often Develop Physical Symptoms, Study Says, about the children bullied at school. According to the research among 220,000 school aged kids and 14 countries, it has been proven that frequent and unexpected physical illness is moon in school children when they are victims of bullying (Goodman (2013),Para. ). If we want to include any direct quotes in the document, it should be cited properly. Direct quotes are original words of the author and needs to be acknowledged by in-text citations. This can be done by following simple steps. Direct quotes should be included in inverted commas and needs to be in exact words as mentioned in the original source. Further it should have author s name and year the article was published. It's a good habit if we include page number or Para number or reference. All this is included in parenthesis.Finally at the very end of the paper Is the reference page which included the detail of the in-text citation. Example: â€Å"The results of this study suggest that any recurrent and unexplained physical symptom can be a warning sign of bullying,† (Gigantic Gin, 2013, Para. 5). Pap module assignment By insomnia someone else in their article. In other words, PAP is the style of giving proper citation style is worldwide accepted form of writing papers, where in text citation and preferences at the end of the paper proves the genuineness of the writing by giving proper acknowledgement to the original idea of the writer.In-text citation is used when writer is using someone else's thoughts and quotes. In-text citations are necessary even if someone else's thoughts which are already published are written in your own words. In-text ci tations are important, else its considered as plagiarism that common in school children when they are victims of bullying (Goodman (Barbara. Is the reference page which included the detail of the in-text citation. Example.

Cultural Tourism Development Essay

With its modern sky line and quality infrastructure, it is difficult to believe that Dubai in the United Arab Emirates was once a small town of Bedouin traders. Exotic animals used to inhabit the grounds occupied by the present-day Nad al Sheba racetrack Contemporary Dubai has been built beyond reasonable expectations, more so from the stigma which befell a post-Gulf War Arabia. High-technology and high-fashion shops are now as commonplace as the gold souks. Modern Dubai is an eclectic mix of old and new, ancient and modern. Tourism, cultural tourism particularly, is considered one of the fastest-growing industries globally; with fierce competition being its natural corollary. Dubai is viewed as one of the prime tourist destinations, giving the country a distinct vantage in the arena. Dubai’s relative advantages pertinent to tourism are manifold. First, tourism is a rapidly-growing, huge industry; it is, therefore, a crucial sector that Dubai can take advantage of. Dubai is aptly capable in meeting global standards, being in itself, a set of visions. Dubai’s global position, as predicted, will be that of an â€Å"internationally-recognized hub and destination of choice for cultural tourism†. Dubai’s 2010 vision reiterates this notion, stating a threefold agenda for its long-term goal of becoming an international tourist hub: (1) creating a quality environment conducive to immigration and investment inflows, necessary for enticing a technologically-knowledgeable/skilled human capital base, (2) launching a policy of arts and culture developments, with the creation of an arts center in Dubai, (3) initiating an annual program of cultural activities (e. g. expositions, concerts, visiting artist performances) to mark its reputation as a modern society. Second, tourism is a highly-unpredictable industry, with trends and factors influential of tourist influx. Factors that positively affect tourism are disposable income increase, transportation cost decrease, tourism package cost decrease, and political stability presence. Travel distance has become an irrelevant tourism factor. Third, competition has spurred creative marketing strategies on the part of tourism providers. They have started providing leisure and business packages in greater variety, higher quality, and more competitive pricing scheme- thereby boosting the market demand for tourism. With the current trends in tourism at work, the demand being on the favorable side, it is projected that the $ 3. 3 trillion global tourism industry will grow at a 6. 8 % annual rate for the next 10 years. Fourth, the tourism industry is challenged by a body of better-informed and discriminating clientele. Tourism providers, therefore, need to package destinations in a detail-specific and compelling manner, categorized on the basis of market segmentation, in order to lure prospective tourists. The package destinations can also aim at a wider range of tourists for particular destinations in order to satisfy the market demand. In view of these trends, Dubai must adhere to the aforementioned steps to be able to take advantage of the tourism sector to its fullest. Dubai must maintain research-based equilibrium values per tourist segment, from where tourism providers can base tourist package offers from. The move is expected to optimize Dubai’s gain from possible tourism-generated revenues. It must also continue upgrading its support services in order to be able to service the increasing flock of tourists, broaden the basis of their motivation for tourism, and eventually, draw more tourists into visiting. A study of tourism’s framework is a requisite for understanding it. According to the Singaporean Board of Tourism website, the tourism landscape is composed of two sections: motivating attraction and supporting services. Motivating attractions include business tourism, cruise events, honeymoons, and especially, cultural tourism. Supporting services, however, include IT & Communication systems, travel agencies, hotels, entertainment management companies, and computer reservation systems. Cultural activities, in addition, are part of a broader tourism framework; by building on both Motivating Attractions and Supporting Services, Dubai will be able to attract tourists and encourage repeat visits. Cultural Tourism Cultural tourism is the type of tourism intent on an exploration of and education on the culture of a particular state. The motivating attraction components of cultural tourism are cultural/historical heritage, performing arts (theatre), visual arts and music. The CulturalHistorical Heritage component includes parks sightseeing, tours, cultural events, festivals and fairs. Performing Arts (Theatre) includes musicals, operas, ballet and dance exhibitions, and dramatic and classical performances. The Visual Arts component includes museums, painting galleries, craft exhibits, and film and photography showcases. Music, however, includes symphonies, orchestras and concerts. Supporting Services for cultural tourism comprise of marketing organizations to promote the Arts and Dubai’s position as a ‘center for the arts’ in the region, operational organizations to collaborate with performing arts talents and IT specialists for marketing, state-of-the-art venues like auditoriums, screening rooms, seminar rooms and staging arenas, and the technology that allows for world-class performances and shows. This US-based data on cultural tourism illustrates some key characteristics of the tourism demography (regular/cultural tourists), with important implications on the possible benefits from cultural tourism. Research suggests that promoting cultural tourism in Dubai will attract an extremely valuable clientele that will be willing to spend more ($ 174 average difference) and lengthen the duration of their visit (4% difference). Cultural tourism promotion, research also suggests, increases the likelihood of drawing clients with more advanced ages (48 vs. 46 average, 3% difference in retired tourists demography) and educational backgrounds (3% difference in graduate degree-holding status). Hosting such a demography is a boost for promoting Dubai as the ‘image leader’ in the region, an immense contribution to the knowledge economy. The National Assembly of State Arts agencies website asserts that some economic and cultural trends has had a huge impact on cultural tourism statistics. First, there has been a general rise in affluence and education level trends. Second, the United Arab Emirates has bore witness to cultural diversity; with expatriates now accounting for more than 75% of the UAE population. Third, an increase in the economic role and education of women had women typically setting up vacation plans. Fourth, a lesser time for leisure which is a mark of modern society increased the demand for and placed emphasis on shorter and value-added trips. Lastly, there has been an intensified influence of technology in every domain; an increased awareness of cultural issues therefore effected in tourists demanding a greater variety of cultural activities. These trends imply favorable growth prospects for cultural tourism in Dubai. Analyzing Dubai’s situation, it is evident that the current cultural tourism landscape is insufficient. Cultural Tourism Activities in Dubai are on a small-scale, fragmented, and uncoordinated way, and bereft of independent quality check and strategic guidance. The Dubai Explorer 2002 has it that the only activities/establishments which garnered a medium rating on the concentration graph were Dubai’s six (6) parks (Creekside Park, Mushrif Park, Rashidiya Park, Safa Park, Al Mamzar Beach and Jumeira Beach Park). The Performing Arts Division (comprising of nine (9) groups and clubs), the Visual Arts Sector (composed of four (4) galleries) and Falconry Division’s three (3) centers were noted as having the lowest concentrations. Dubai, however, is not deficient in Venues for Musical and Theatrical Performances which include: seven (7) venues for Classical Concerts (e. g. Crowne Plaza Hotel), six (6) venues for Theatrical Performances (e. g. a 500-seat Community Theater built in 2002 near Nad Al Sheba) and fifteen (15) venues for Dance/Pop Concert Events. These numbers are suggestive of the budding need for appropriate staging facilities and equipment; the demand for performance venues having been predicted. Comparing the aforementioned figures to a cultural tourism-investing country’s infrastructure statistics will reveal some startling differences. The data has it that Dubai has 80% the GDP/capita of Hong Kong but pales in comparison with regard to cultural infrastructure- with only 15% the number of museums and 0% the number of theaters and arenas. Based on these ratios, Dubai should have at least 10 museums and 5 theaters in order to parallel Hongkong’s status as a tourism spot. The Cultural Tourism Industry Group and the National Assembly of State Arts Agencies websites specify the apparent quality and tourism potential of museums, art galleries, concert halls, historic sites, and national and state parks as main considerations influencing cultural tourists. The organization of cultural events, festivals and fairs is a consideration too. With an understandably hectic itinerary, the logistics scheme and accompanying amenities also count. Some of these features have already been instituted/organized in Dubai such as national and state parks, cultural events, festivals and fairs. These institutions/affairs are considered highly-competitive and very manageable. On the other hand, theaters, concert halls and archeological sites are basically non-existent. The construction of theaters and concert halls are reasonable, achievable objectives as exemplified by the construction of a 500-seat Community Theater (built in 2002 near Nad Al Sheba). The contrary holds for establishing archeological sites, a challenging feat. The creation of and investment in organizational networks in Dubai that promote cultural activities will beget ample dedication which will enable cultural organizations to fund, foster and implement innovative ideas crucial to the development of cultural activities. In addition, the implementation of high-impact activities will command the highest visibility and draw a significant number of tourists. Those projects are intent on Cultural Tourism which is currently unavailable in Dubai. Cultural Tourism necessitates the creation of a dedicated oversight committee within the DTCM structure to: (1) coordinate with the private sector regarding the development of projects, (2) fund and foster the development of different project concepts, and (3) assist in projects implementation to foster the development of cultural activities. Possible High-Impact Projects Cultural Tourism necessitates an identification of viable high-impact activities for implementation. Possible projects include: (1) the construction of a culture complex (Barbican or Lincoln Center model-based), (2) the construction of an opera house (London’s Royal Albert Hall-modeled), (3) erection of a major performing arts venue (in joint effort with the private sector’s Community Theater project currently underway), (4) the erection of a concert hall (in partnership with Moscow for purposes of production and guidance), (5) the initiation of a desert arena, (6) hosting cultural events and activities, and (7) erection of art cinema houses for Indie Films (NYC’s Angelica Theater-based). Moreover, there is an apparent need for an amendment in Dubai’s existing laws on private ownership to further the development of cultural tourism in this region. In a 1999 DTCM survey, as posted in the HK Leisure and Cultural Services Department website, a majority of the respondents specified the scarcity of peculiar activities and sightings in Dubai. The respondents criticized the offered cultural activities as being small-scale, fragmented and uncoordinated. These survey results support the need for improvements in cultural tourism infrastructure, developments in ongoing cultural activities, and initiation of high-impact projects. The DTCM, with its current organizational setup, is ill-equipped for a full development of cultural services. A labor force comparison between the DTCM and the HK L&C Services Department yielded startling results; the HK L&C Services Department has 26 times more employees. There is an immense need to foster a dedicated organization, in charge of coordinating the development of cultural activities in the region. The organizational setup will be based on the Hong Kong model where its primary role would be to act as the central node of cultural activities in the region. Other organizational responsibilities include: (1) promotion of cultural performances, (2) provision of support to festival organizers and private companies, and (3) offer of audience-aimed educational programs, and (4) overall logistical operations (e. g. venues and ticketing). Conclusion It is evident that the dearth of cultural facilities and cultural activities has brought Dubai to a tourism disadvantage. Cultural facilities/activities have been described, aptly or otherwise, as being small-scale, quality control-bereft, and seemingly uncoordinated with other cultural tourism authorities. Established institutions, however, such as the Dubai Museum, Sheikh Mohammed Center for Cultural Understanding, and the Dubai Natural History Group have potentially important roles in boosting Dubai’s cultural tourism prospects. Currently, there is an insufficient government emphasis in Cultural Tourism, although an AED 10M Dubai Community Theatre project which is currently underway is definitely a step in the right direction. An expedient cultural tourism infrastructure will facilitate Dubai’s agenda of drawing a desirable demographic, generating ample revenues from increased expenses and lengthened travel duration on tourists’ part, and according Dubai the status of an ‘image leader’ in the world. Furthermore, it is expected to heighten students’ thespic awareness and enthusiasm, sufficient encouragements for the scholarly and professional pursuit of the Arts. An overall improvement in the quality of life is expected with the creation of an inculturated tourism experience; creative arts specialists and cultural promotion companies will then be drawn to Dubai. Implications The magnitude of Dubai’s long-term agenda has various implications for the government and support systems, and marketing and production logistics. For one, a high degree of government support is entailed, more so that the need to institute a governmental agency for cultural promotion purposes presents itself. Secondly, creating partnerships with relevant local and overseas organizations is required for the promotion and improvement of Dubai’s Art and Culture. Third, the creation of specialized umbrella organizations, like a National Heritage Board or an Arts Council, is a significant assistance to the government for a more focused management. Fourth, the government has to support, subsidize and grant incentives to private sector initiatives in support of Dubai’s cultural tourism agenda (e. g. museum foundation, arts organizations). Lastly, there is a need for the government to set guidelines and policies directed on an effective management of cultural facilities, heritage conservation and tourist education. Support services have their own share of responsibilities. First, the management of major facilities, such as stadiums and performance venues, will ensure organizers a constant facility access and facility maintenance. Second, there is a need for the implementation of an accessible and automated ticketing system, possibly with the use of the Internet, to ensure a widespread distribution and expediency. Third, the endowment of financial support to festivals, events organizers, museums’ administration and arts organizations can be a tourism marketing tool. Lastly, the Internet is an effective marketing instrument with a global domain; therefore, creating websites and publishing electronic newsletters on cultural tourism is an information dissemination option. Dubai’s cultural tourism agenda has peculiar implications for marketing and production logistics. First, ticket pricing has to be reasonable and demand-based; with discount offerings for senior citizens, students and children, and price markdowns on special occasions and for promotional means. Second, an effective marketing strategy is key to succeeding in this arena; to participate and organize sales missions, trade and tourism fairs, consumer fairs and other promotional events is therefore necessary. Third, cultural organizers have to be responsible for audience-briefing on cultural themes in order to help the audience appreciate different cultural performances. Lastly, an educated domain is a boost to cultural tourism; therefore, the provision of educational programs addressed to students (lectures, workshops, seminars and symposia) and the encouragement of learning institutions to participate in cultural activities will significantly bolster Dubai’s tourism agenda. Dubai’s vision has crucial implications for production logistics too. First, affairs organizers have a wide array of production options ranging from traditional repertoires to avant-garde creative performances. Organizers have a corollary responsibility of heeding consumer demand and garnering independent ideas; providing a means for the submission of independent project proposals is therefore requisite. Second, it is the organizers’ privilege and responsibility to provide performance opportunities to both established and upcoming local artists and groups. Third, there is an organizer responsibility for a performance venue planning and management, with a corollary need for the constant enhancement and upgrading of performance facilities. Lastly, production organizers have to establish and be of support to local professional artists groups like philharmonic societies, dance companies and orchestras. With a competent strategy and ample guidance, Dubai’s 2010 Vision of Cultural Tourism need not be an impossibility!